Strategic Marketing Management Customers at Work

Question: Portray about the Strategic Marketing Management for the Customers at Work Circumstances? Answer: Changing microenvironment factors that sway on Ford Microenvironmental factors Microenvironmental factors are relying upon different dynamic partners of an organization. These partners have their extraordinary impact on the business. To execute the ecological components on the associations, Ford has been decided for this investigation (Dunkel Kleemann, 2013). The impacts of microenvironmental factors are greatly affecting the promoting of the Ford. The variables are depicted as follow: Clients: Ford has a magnificent client base everywhere throughout the world. They likewise give client benefits and versatile assistance for the clients. Contingent upon the market the Ford is increasing more client care from various nations (Dunkel Kleemann, 2013). Providers: The providers are exceptionally predominant in the Ford. The sellers are giving the best items at a low cost as the market is getting particularly serious. Along these lines, this is turning into an incredible effect on the association. Merchants: wholesalers are advancing the vehicles for the association and furthermore making the item proficiently to the clients. The Ford has numerous dealers who advance and sell the items straightforwardly to people in general (Shankar Carpenter, 2012). Contenders: The opposition level of the car business is a lot of amazing. He BMW, Volkswagen, Benz, and Hyundai are the primary contenders of the association. the opposition level is: SWOT examination Quality Shortcoming 1. Expanding client base 2. Worldwide development 3. Expanding piece of the overall industry 1. Low value center 2. Past obligations 3. Basically relies upon UK customers. Opportunity Dangers 1. Increasingly universal acknowledgment 2. New vehicle dispatch 3. New configurations 1. Expanding contenders territory 2. Loosing upper level clients 3. New rivals in the market References Dunkel, W., Kleemann, F. (2013). Clients at work. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Shankar, V., Carpenter, G. (2012). Handbook of Marketing Strategy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub.

Personal essayapply to college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recycled Blackberry Phones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reused Blackberry Phones - Assignment Example This undertaking has been taken into worry to structure a proper task the board plan for reused Blackberry telephones. For making this undertaking effective, different methodologies that have been received by the organization in the past will be profoundly broke down upon. As a venture supervisor, likely arrangements of activities will be chosen dependent on the past techniques embraced and executed by the organization. Additionally, the potential investors who can give variable measure of commitment in the reusing procedure will likewise be recognized. As a venture chief, it will be one of the essential obligations to make a very much enhanced SMART task scope which can be successfully used in the general reusing procedure of Blackberry telephones. The venture will likewise incorporate a very much enhanced arrangement concerning the grouping of exercises in a bit by bit process that will be actualized in an opportune and efficient way. What's more, composed reports concerning the sp ecific measure of assets that will be required for the execution of the undertaking will be kept up. Additionally, another arrangement concerning HR will be created alongside the wide standard that will be embraced for recognizable proof the achievement or the disappointment of the undertaking (BlackBerry, 2013; Cleland and Ireland, 2006; Verizon Wireless, 2013). Partners These substances may incorporate the representatives of Blackberry, providers and merchants of crude materials alongside completed products. Also, certain different partners like the loan bosses of the organization alongside the clients whose job are viewed as significant in deciding the general productivity of an association would be taken into concern. ... Partners The partners in this reusing procedure will incorporate various elements that will legitimately or by implication get influenced by the undertaking particularly in a confirmed way. These elements may incorporate the workers of Blackberry, providers and wholesalers of crude materials alongside completed products. Moreover, certain different partners like the loan bosses of the organization alongside the clients whose job are viewed as significant in deciding the general benefit of an association would be taken into concern. Being the undertaking director, it is very expected to guarantee that different re-appropriated offices which can convey useful thoughts relating to the dispatch of new applications and projects in Blackberry telephones are additionally should have been remembered for the rundown of the potential partners. Exceptionally referencing, the above recognized partners would have a basic influence in building up the general undertaking the executives arranging st rategy and in particular upgrading the dynamic technique by an impressive level. It is normal that the jobs which play by the perceived partners would in the end normalize the progressing reasonability of the venture by a more prominent degree (Groman, 2007). Task Management Plan This part of the venture the board plan would hold the top most need in fruitful finishing of the undertaking concerning reused Blackberry telephones (Hossenlopp, 2010). So as to execute the arrangement in an efficient and proper way, a couple of the most fitting activities will be embraced that would give more prominent guide in brisk beginning of the task (Hossenlopp, 2010). These activities have been explained hereunder. Gathering and organizing all reports identifying with the accessibility

Architecture Software Defined Wireless Networking †Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Architecture Software Defined Wireless Networking. Answer Presentation The idea of information correspondence can be considered as a procedure of handling information, which is as computerized starting with one framework or PC then onto the next. The methodology is a lot of accommodating in creating a mechanism of correspondence between two frameworks. The association between two gadgets is mostly made utilizing either link media or wire. The Internet can be viewed as a standout amongst other model in this situation. There are numerous gadgets, which assume a functioning job in the idea of model switch, center, switch, connect and so on. The gadgets structure an essential foundation, which is required for correspondence (Sayood, 2017). The center purpose of the report is to make a comprehension of the various parts, which are identified with the correspondence idea. To clarify in detail extraordinary condition of the system are additionally mulled over. In the following piece of the report, various links, which are occupied with the idea, are mulled over. The links fundamentally differ in size and the reason. They are actualized by the prerequisite of the client. Segments required in arrange Scaffold The Bridge can be utilized for joining two LAN workgroups. The advantage, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it can straightforwardly lessen the traffic issue utilizing system division into more than one area. In the earth of system, it is significantly observed that when a traffic flood a system with a huge measure of information (Uysal et al., 2016). The issue brings about easing back down of information, in this circumstance an extension, can be utilized which would be disconnecting the system stream. Switch The Router can be considered as a mind boggling gadget, which can be utilized to more than one gadget into the system independently and autonomously. In switches, there is a physical interface, which can be utilized to associate gadgets to at least one system without concentrating with respect to the foundation of the innovation or the system. The gadget can be viewed as easy to use in a manner because of the factor that it tends to be executed in any design of the system. The activity of the Router is led on the system layer and to execute the usefulness they utilize the system tending to idea. For a UNIX gadget to work with a window based, the idea of IP address is utilized which is an all inclusive normal location. The gadget just chooses the way, which is to be chosen for the switch to convey the two other switch, and it doesn't include client impedance (Liggins et al., 2017). DSL Modem The full type of DSL represents Direct Subscriber Line. The innovation can be considered as an idea of transmission of sign or data over the standard phone lines. Thinking about an ordinary landline, it tends to be utilized for voice calls utilizing a recurrence go, which is low from 0 Hz to 4 Hz. This recurrence range can be named as voice band run because of the factor of a little piece of the recurrence. Then again, it tends to be expressed that the DSL utilizes a recurrence, which is higher in extend when contrasted with voice band recurrence. The range, which is utilized, is for the usefulness is in the scope of 25 KHz to 1.5 MHz this recurrence can be utilized for the transmission of the perceptible voice, which has a recurrence scope of 20 KHz (Yang Liao, 2016). Switch A switch is a gadget, which works at the OSI layer 2 or the entrance level. The gadget can be utilized for the idea of interfacing more than one host to a specific system. Contrasting the gadget and a Hub, which does to advance a message to a host, the switch can straightforwardly advance the message to the host. A switch can make an impression on another switch. The primary working in this viewpoint is that the switch unravels and gets the casing and translates the physical location concerning the MAC address. There is an assortment of switch, which can be actualized by the necessity, for instance, stackable switches and measured switches. The entrance layer switch can likewise be one of the assortments of the switch, which one of the overwhelming players in the class of the switch (Lu et al., 2015). It encourages the association between two hubs legitimately into the structure of the system utilizing gadgets, for example, Printers and modems. System Interface Card The system interface can be utilized for the idea of associating PCs to nearby information system or web. The card can change over the information into an electrical sign, which is sent over the idea of the web. The fame, which is inferred to the idea lately every PC gadget has a system interface card connected to it. The system card can be consolidated in a PC, which is an uncovered bone that doesn't have a system card joined to it. A case of a system situation in this setting is that when a client is signed into a framework to get to the web, the PC passes the data of the webpage into the system card utilizing concerting the location into electrical heartbeats. The beats are conveyed by the system card to the server of the web, which is some place over the web which reaction by methods for sending a site page to the client as electronic media (Hayes et al., 2017). Center point A center point can be considered as a rectangular box, which is comprised of plastic and gets the force from an outlet for power. The primary capacity of the center is to associate numerous frameworks into the system of the system. The arrangement of the system is done so that it can create a methods for correspondence between them in a made sure about way. The connecting of the portions of the LAN from the framework is the principle capacity of the Hub (Bernardos et al., 2014). The Hub comprises of more than one port. The Hub and the Switch have a comparable kind of usefulness connected to it. The center point is fit for dealing with information types, which are known as an edge. There are three kinds of Hub, which are joined to the idea, which are inactive, dynamic and insightful. The primary advantage, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it can legitimately supplant a messed up organize. Systems administration link Unshielded Twisted Pair The Unshielded Twisted Pair link is one of the most wide links which are utilized in the idea of PC and media transmission. There are normally shading coding which help in the identification of the reason which individual wire serve. They can be utilized and executed by the necessity of the client and the reason it will serve (Bernardos et al., 2014). Size 0.43 cm (0.17 inches) Speed 10 to 1000 Mbps Cost - $1 20 $ Protected bent pair The protected bent pair link is a lot of like the unshielded turned pair link. The principle contrast is that it comprises of a shield, which secures the wire or the line of transmission from electronic impedance (Lu et al., 2015). Size 0.73 cm Speed 10 to 100 Mbps Cost - $3 $ 10. Fiber optic link The fiber optic link is one of the systems administration links, which comprise of glass fiber, which is situated inside a packaging for methods for assurance, which is especially offended as security from fire. The principle idea, which can be accomplished from it, is that it very well may be utilized for media transmission, which includes information of elite (Bernardos et al., 2014). Size 0.89 cm Speed High into the scope of gigabits Cost - $ 5.87 per foot. End The reports center point is the segments, which are engaged with the idea of systems administration. The gadgets, which are talked about above, gives an essential system to the idea of accomplishing the idea of correspondence between two gadgets. Every segment, which is engaged with the idea, is clarified utilizing the idea of the system condition. In the second 50% of the report, the center point is the links, which are associated with giving a methods for correspondence between the gadgets. It very well may be expressed in understanding to the links there are an assortment of links, which can be utilized by the prerequisite of the client, and the reason it will serve in the idea of the web. The size, cost and a short depiction of the considerable number of links are featured in the report. References Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., Ziga, J. C. (2014). An engineering for programming characterized remote networking.IEEE remote communications,21(3), 52-61. Dehos, C., Gonzlez, J. L., De Domenico, A., Ktenas, D., Dussopt, L. (2014). Millimeter-wave get to and backhauling: the answer for the exponential information traffic increment in 5G versatile correspondences systems?.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(9), 88-95. Hayes, J. R., Sandoghchi, S. R., Bradley, T. D., Liu, Z., Slavk, R., Gouveia, M. A., ... Petrovich, M. N. (2017). Antiresonant empty central element with an octave traversing transmission capacity for short take information communications.Journal of Lightwave Technology,35(3), 437-442. Kreutz, D., Ramos, F. M., Verissimo, P. E., Rothenberg, C. E., Azodolmolky, S., Uhlig, S. (2015). Programming characterized organizing: An exhaustive survey.Proceedings of the IEEE,103(1), 14-76. Liggins II, M., Hall, D., Llinas, J. (Eds.). (2017).Handbook of multisensor information combination: hypothesis and practice. CRC press. Lu, X., Niyato, D., Wang, P., Kim, D. I., Han, Z. (2015). Remote charger organizing for cell phones: Fundamentals, guidelines, and applications.IEEE Wireless Communications,22(2), 126-135. Lu, X., Wang, P., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I., Han, Z. (2015). Remote systems with RF vitality reaping: A contemporary survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(2), 757-789. Sayood, K. (2017).Introduction to information pressure. Morgan Kaufmann. Sharma, S., Staessens, D., Colle, D., Palma, D., Goncalves, J., Figueiredo, R., ... Demeester, P. (2014, September). Actualizing nature of administration for the product characterized organizing empowered future web. InSoftware Defined Networks (EWSDN), 2014 Third European Workshop on(pp. 49-54). IEEE. U

Sophocles, Oedipus the King Essay The accompanying investigation will analyze Oedipus the King, by Sophocles. The accompanying inquiries will be tended to: What is the recorded setting of this period? What are the storylines, as uncovered in the archive? What does the report uncover about the Greek idea of destiny and unrestrained choice? Who was the creator and does he uncover a predisposition? What was the author’s plan recorded as a hard copy this and whom did he see as his crowd? Furthermore, ultimately, what stands apart as especially important and why? The authentic setting of the period uncovers the Greeks accepted the divine beings could see everything that people did and could, on the off chance that they pick, satisfy such needs as food, sanctuary and attire just as needs like love, riches and triumph. [1] The Greeks were frequently depicted as â€Å"independent-minded† and there is by all accounts almost certainly that geology assumed a significant job in forming that character. It was the mountains and the ocean that formed Greece and Greeks into what they were. [2] Polytheism is a confidence in numerous divine beings and syncretism mirrors an ability to include remote divine beings into the conviction framework regardless of whether the new increments dont precisely fit. 3] Destiny was imperative to the antiquated Greeks, which assumed an immense job in there day by day life activities and practices which they accepted would influence their destiny throughout everyday life. The Greeks made Greek folklore; this was the body of their fantasies and lessons. It was concerning their divine beings and goddesses, their legends, and the idea of the world to them. â€Å"It was God that helped you, men state, and you are held with God’s help to have spared our lives Now Oedipus, Greatest in all men’s eyes, here falling at your feet we as a whole implore you, discover us some quality for salvage. [4] The storyline of Oedipus-the King, Sophocles begins before the royal residence of Oedipus at Thebes. Oedipus is the King of Thebes, this is the place the play is based around. â€Å"Oedipus the King† was accepted to be composed around 430 B. C, in the city of Thebes. A terrible plague has come into this city, making everybody debilitated and biting the dust. Oedipus gets through the focal ways to discover a cleric and a horde of youngsters appealing to the divine beings to liberate them from this horrendous revile, the plague. The cleric is asking Oedipus to proceed to spare the city. Oedipus discloses to the cleric how he has sent Creon who is his brother by marriage to address Apollo at his Pythian sanctuary to discover how to spare the city. When Creon shows up back he mentions to Oedipus what he has gotten notification from God. He clarifies that God orders them to drive out a contamination from their property, a contamination that had become instilled inside their territory. They were discussing when Laius was killed. Lauis was the lord before Oedipus had steered the state. His killed was said to happen numerous years prior to this plague had occurred, and nobody made any move into discovering what occurred, or who had done it. Everybody who was with Lauis at the time was killed too, aside from one ambassador who fled in dread. This dispatcher could just discuss a certain something; how there were numerous looters, and this lord was executed by many. Presently Oedipus continues attempting to illuminate this homicide so as to support his city. He before long will learn of Creon betraying him. He at that point goes to his significant other Jocasta to assist him with bettering comprehend occasions that lead up to the demise of Lauis, and to see increasingly about the passing of Lauis. After this is done you begin to get a comprehension of what this play is extremely about. The thoughts of destiny and through and through freedom are uncovered during the play when they are discussing Oedipus’s life. This is an emotional story of an incredible lord who is brought somewhere near â€Å"fate† and the fate of the divine beings. Prediction is one of the principle things of Oedipus the lord. Oedipus discloses to Jocasta whom is his better half, of a prediction he has heard as a youngster. This prediction was that he would murder his dad and lay down with his mom. Jocasta at that point tells Oedipus of a prediction simply like his that was given to Laius; her child would grow up to execute his dad. Oedipus appears to be just to need to escape his destiny, yet his destiny persistently finds him. OEDIPUS: â€Å"Why should man dread since chance is with everything taken into account for him, and he can obviously foreknow nothing? Best to live softly, as one can, foolishly. [5] Oedipus has a solid will to get some answers concerning his past, and to find reality with regards to things throughout his life. Jocasta is the one attempting to keep him from plainly finding solutions to things he needs to know. â€Å"Jocasta: I implore you-don't chase this out-I beseech you, in the event that you have any consideration for your own life. What I am enduring is sufficient. [6] Oedipus at that point reacts to her giving us how he is free willed and needs to know his destiny throughout everyday life. Oedipus: Break out what will! I in any event will be happy to see my parentage, however modest. Maybe she is embarrassed about my low birth, for she has all women’s over the top pride. In any case, I account myself an offspring of Fortune, useful Fortune, and I will not be shamed. [7] It just demonstrates that Oedipus has a solid will of discovering things out regardless of what occurs. He accepts his destiny will play out one way or the other. The creator of Oedipus is Sophocles was a trailblazer of dramatization. His principle stories were, Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylus. These three were notable as bosses of disaster. 8] Sophocles’s most celebrated enduring work incorporates the Theban plays: Oedipus Rex (some of the time called Oedipus Tyrannus) Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone. There are various statements all through Oedipus the King that persuades Sophocles as a fair-minded author in this play. â€Å"But don't charge me on cloud assessment without some confirmation to back it. It’s not only delicately to consider your villains legitimate man, nor fair men as scoundrels. To discard a genuine companion is, in a manner of speaking, to discard your life, which a man cherishes the best. †[9] There are such a significant number of various exercises to be learned in Oedipus the ruler. These are exercises I accept that everybody today could profit by. It shows the ruins of somebody being presumption and self-centeredness, what sort of activities can occur from being critical, and the repercussions of rushing to act without adequate information. These are things that many individuals on the planet don't see well, and a great deal of times numerous individuals do a ton of things with out reasoning or agonizing over any repercussion. The author’s goal is clear since he gives you that we shouldn’t temp destiny. What’s going to happen will occur, and for this situation it happened in a catastrophe. Jocasta: Do not concern yourself adjoin this issue; hear me out and discover that people have no part in the art of prescience. [10] It appears to be evident that the target group would have been the individuals who definitely knew the Oedipus story. These individuals would encounter the impacts of a sensational incongruity as they viewed the tragic occasions happen during the play. Taking everything into account, what stands apart as significant from Oedipus’s story is that regardless of what you attempt to do destiny will consistently win. You can not foul up to a person or thing and pull off it. After some time it’ll return to you and it won’t consistently work out the manner in which you need it to. This verifiable period has lead you through when somebody accomplished something incorrectly and was shown a thing or two. In Oedipus’s story you increase a knowledge of the Greek disaster, and you find out about destiny and incongruity. Finding out about destiny and choice is something that permits you to show signs of improvement comprehension of the two. At the point when you see something transpiring that’s so deplorable, it gives you a superior comprehension of the importance, and permits you to witness things truly do to individuals who foul up.

How to Make a Bad Student Essay Better

How to Make a Bad Student Essay BetterWhat makes a bad student essay samples so difficult to grasp? It is not because it is difficult to write it, but because of its flaws. The simple fact that there are some who have the ability to compose a well-structured and catchy essay, can be very rare indeed. Often we come across student essays with no balance between the right information and the right presentation of it.Bad student essay samples are like pieces of art in architecture; only that they fail to capture the attention of the reader, instead they lose it and fail to impress them to the point of losing the reader's interest. The most common mistake made by students is that they miss the concept of maintaining some logic to the data they are trying to present to the readers. This logic must never be removed. They will just find their piece of art knocked over on the head by the facts they have presented to the reader. As a result of their amateurish effort, their readers will quickl y lose interest in reading their piece of work, and often this works to the disadvantage of the writer.Generally, student essay samples contain two things that they fail to follow; they don't keep their reader in the mind when writing, and they don't seem to convey any positive values to the reader. The best way to avoid this situation is to always start your piece of work with a preface. The preface should make the reader wonder how the writer came up with the content that they are going to present to them. This can come as a surprise to the reader, and it will give them a good opportunity to consider and come to terms with the topic at hand.The advantage of a preface to a student essay sample is that it usually includes facts or information that are related to the topic at hand. It is a good way to get the facts out before you start talking about them. Also, the fact that you have an introduction before you talk about the facts that are being presented to the reader is always a pl us for the student writer, because it gives them a bit of warning and more time to reflect before they start typing their essay.Once you have the facts ready, do not leave them on the table to fall over to the dust like all the other articles that I have read. Do not throw them away and simply write down the mistakes you have made. When you are done writing, use them as a reference tool so that you can rewrite your essay more effectively next time.You may also want to consider using some of the best student essay samples, such as Erma Bombeck's Paper Clips. This is a study guide that can be of immense help for students who are trying to get some extra insight into writing their own writing projects. There are many resources available online, which include fact sheets and research papers, and you can even customize it to suit your own needs.One thing that I found really useful in the fact sheet is that you are able to include your own ideas and insights, as well as corrections or cla rifications to other people's ideas. Also, it is easy to alter the sizes of the text boxes, and change the colors of the background. Some can even highlight certain parts of the essay and give a brief description of how the student will make use of them.The importance of having an outline to your bad student essay is that it will save you a lot of time in the long run. You will be able to organize the way your essay will look like, and this will surely add more to the accuracy of your work. The outline is also useful when you need to revise your article before submitting it to your professor, as it will allow you to re-write your essay in a way that will match the outline.

Formal Charge What They Didn’t Tell You in your General Chemistry Class

Preferred number of bonds Formal charge is the charge that a bonded atom would have if its bonding electrons were shared equally It is not an actual charge but rather a form electron book-keeping The sum of formal charges should equal the compound’s actual charge What formal charge tells you There are certain instances where there is more than one feasible Lewis structure that can be drawn for a molecule. For example, Formal charge helps us decided which structure is most likely correct. A typical general chemistry exam question may present two or more feasible Lewis structures for a molecule and ask you to pick the â€Å"best† one. How you learned to calculate formal charge formal charge = valence electrons – [1/2 bonding electrons + electrons in lone pairs] OR formal charge = valence electrons – [number of bonds + electrons in lone pairs] Recall that the number of valence electrons for an atom is equal to its group number! Both equations will get you to the same answer. Remember that for the first equation, each bond hold two electrons so the number of bonding electrons = 2 times the number of bonds). Let’s use the second equation to calculate the formal charges in the molecules below: Preferred number of bonds What it means to have a preferred number of bonds The preferred number of bonds for an atom is exactly what it sounds like. When an atom has its preferred number of bonds AND a complete octet, its formal charge is 0 which is a good thing. Determining the number of preferred bonds for an atom The rules for determining the number of preferred bonds for an atom can be divided into two categories: â€Å"period 2 elements† and â€Å"period 3 and beyond elements†. Period 2 elements Recall that period 2 elements cannot expand their octet. They can only accommodate eight electrons which is a maximum of four bonds assuming no lone pairs. For these elements, the number of preferred bonds equals: 8 – group number Atom H C N O F Preferred number of bonds 1 4 3 2 1 Hydrogen is an exception as it can only accommodate two electrons (a duet), or one bond, irrespective of its group number. Remember that the octet for these atoms must still be complete so lone pairs are added accordingly. For example, oxygen has a preferred bond number of 2 meaning that it will have two lone pairs. Think about the Lewis structure of water. Period 3 and beyond elements Recall that elements in period 3 or greater can accommodate as many as twelve electrons if it is the central atom. These elements can expand their octet if they need to. For these elements, if their octet is NOT expanded, the number of preferred bonds equals: 8 – group number This is identical to its period 2 counterpart. Remember that members of the same group have similar chemical properties. If the octet IS expanded, the number of preferred bonds equals: group number Atom Si P, As S, Se Cl, Br Preferred number of bonds for expanded octet (NO LONE PAIRS) Not applicable (4 bonds = 8 electrons, normal octet) 5 6 Not applicable (7 bonds = 14 electrons) Not all elements can achieve their preferred number of bonds in the expanded octet form because only twelve electrons can be accommodated. In addition, the element in expanded octet form cannot have any lone pairs on it or it will not achieve a formal charge of 0. This may seem intimidating to remember but it’ll click more with each practice question! Remember it as the fact that the octet is already expanded with the bonds, so no additional electrons are needed. Determining formal charge with preferred number of bonds Period 2 elements One more bond than preferred number Formal charge +1 The formal charge of oxygen is +1. Preferred number of bonds Formal charge = 0 The formal charge of oxygen is 0. One less bond than preferred number Formal charge = -1 The formal charge of oxygen is -1. The rest of the trend is intuitive: two more than or two less than preferred number of bonds when applicable. Remember that period 2 elements cannot expand their octet, hence the â€Å"when applicable†. Also remember that this approach to determining formal charge only works if octet is complete which, besides the few incomplete octet exceptions, it should be if a feasible Lewis structure was drawn. How to draw feasible Lewis structures is not covered in this post. Period 3 and beyond elements If the octet is not expanded, use the rules above. The formal charge of phosphorus is 0. If the octet is expanded with preferred number of bonds Formal charge = 0 The formal charge of sulfur is 0. Anything other than preferred number of bonds with expanded octet Use the standard formula to determine formal charge Putting preferred number of bonds into practice Let’s use preferred number of bonds to calculate the formal charge of molecules from earlier: As: not expanded, preferred = 0O (left): one less = -1O (middle): one less = -1O (right): one less = -1 S: expanded, preferred = 0O (top): preferred = 0O (left): preferred = 0O (right): preferred = 0 H: preferred = 0C: preferred = 0N: one more = +1O: one less = -1 The same answers are achieved! Choosing the best Lewis structure When choosing the best Lewis structure among two or more feasible ones, remember the following rules: Smaller formal charges are more favorable. More electronegative atoms should have negative formal charges. In other words, the central atom should never have a negative formal charge if you can avoid it. In addition, if two terminal atoms are competing for a negative formal charge, the best Lewis structure will give the negative formal charge to the most electronegative of the two. In this case the second Lewis structure is the best because nitrogen is more electronegative than sulfur and carries the negative formal charge. Like charges should not be on adjacent atoms Let’s bring back the example from the very beginning of this post. Which one is the best Lewis structure of the two? First, we must determine the formal charges for both: H: preferred = 0 H: preferred = 0 C: preferred = 0 C: one less = -1 N: preferred = 0 N: one more = +1 The first Lewis structure is the best because there are smaller formal charges. For what it’s worth, carbon is supposed to be the central atom anyway, according to the rules of drawing Lewis structures! Let’s do one more example for good measure. Which one is the best Lewis structure of the two? P: not expanded, one more = +1 P: expanded, preferred = 0 O (top): one less = -1 O (top): one less = -1 O (left): one less = -1 O (left): preferred = 0 O (right): one less = -1 O (right): one less = -1 O (bottom): one less = -1 O (bottom): one less = -1 The second Lewis structure is the best because it has smaller formal charges. In addition, a negative formal charge on the central atom (phosphorus) has been avoided. In summary, formal charges are used to help us determine the quality of a Lewis structure. Just because it’s feasible doesn’t mean it’s good. Calculating formal charges can be tedious, especially if there are numerous different atoms in the molecule. Preferred number of bonds allows to simply scan a molecule and determine the formal charges. ;