What Is Intelligence, Anyway free essay sample

What Is Intelligence, Anyway? † Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov writes about how he has always scored high academic tests. How he scored 160 when an average score was 100 and that there were people that made a big fuss over that. And that the auto repair man didnt seem as intelligent as he was but the auto repair man would always fix his car. Then he says that if the auto repair guy would make questions for an intelligent test that he would fail it and he would look like a moron. The auto repair guy tells Isaac a joke and falls for it. Isaac tells him if any others have gotten tricked the guy tells him that he has gotten quite a few and knew that Isaac would fall for it because he was so damned educated. â€Å"What Is Intelligence, Anyway? † is an article that was written by Isaac Asimov. Isaac Asimov is a Russian who grew up in America. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Intelligence, Anyway? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With being well educated, he received his Ph. D. in chemistry from Columbia University. He is known as the writer for all types of readers from specialized to non specialized. Base on his article, Dr. Asimov is considered to be the most intelligent an in the base for his score is 160 while other people is around 100 in the intelligence test. According to the article, he is a prideful man; he always thinks he is highly intelligent, and he expects other people to think so, too. Not only that, he also puts himself on the same level with the people who make up the intelligence tests. As we are reading through his introduction about how intelligent he is, we think that this man is too proud. But as we continue reading the article, we find that he slowly recognizes his intelligence does not apply on every aspect of his life. Dr. Asimov told the readers about his auto repairman, who he always brings his car to when it has any problem, that his auto repairman would never pass the score of 80 on this intelligence test if he takes it. However, the car is always fixed every time Dr. Asimov brings to the auto repairman. In the middle of the article, Dr. Asimov said that he is an intelligent man wherever he could use his academic training and his verbal talents, but when it comes to do something intricate or hard, working with his hands then he would be a â€Å"moron. † One thing that we like the most about Dr. Asimov is that he is not embarrassing to tell people how he got tricked by an auto repairman who cannot even pass the score of 80 in the intelligence test. â€Å"What is intelligence anyway† is an argumentative essay. In this essay writer Isaac Asimov makes an argument that intelligence is not absolute but is a function of the society. Intelligence is the subjective matter. A person intelligent in one field may be a loggerhead in another field. It may be possible that a person is intelligent in two or more field but he/she will still be lagging behind the another field. Hence, we can’t term the persons as intelligent in general. For example a good teacher might be a bad student and vice versa. A good administrator may be a bad father. Hence a person is intelligent in administration but bad with family. Asimov also focuses on the fact that intelligent is the outcome to experience and knowledge. Asimov is intelligent in study and literature but he is not intelligent to maintain his car. His automobile repairman is far intelligent in this field than him. But on the other hand Asimov is far more intelligent in study and literature than his automobile repair man. Hence, we understood that the intelligent is the subjective matter. Any person cannot be intelligent in general. It depends on the particular field of concerned. Extensive Reading †¢ There is no standard definition of â€Å"intelligence†. Popular thinking and the best efforts of legislatures, agencies and academics to the contrary, no generally agreed upon definition of intelligence exists. This problem is exacerbated when the newly formed intelligence communities in law enforcement and the private sector are included. Developing such a definition is important in order to create realistic expectations in the minds of the decision makers, intelligence is designed to support. This is particularly true in a democracy where the electorate views the notions of secrecy and unaccountable power often linked with intelligence activities with hesitation. †¢ Two activities, secrecy and covert operations, typically associated with intelligence are not, in fact, necessary to defi ne intelligence. Secrecy, or more accurately, confidentiality, is only necessary to preserve options for the decision maker that the intelligence activity supports. Covert operations, on the other hand, are better viewed as an act of policy than as an intelligence activity. †¢ Common threads run through many of the earlier attempts to define intelligence, however. These threads, pulled together, result in a good working definition of intelligence: Intelligence is a process, using primarily unstructured information from all sources and focused externally, that is designed to reduce the level of uncertainty for a decision maker. Often we define intelligence with respect to human qualities. Thus, as we tend to consider ourselves as the most intelligent species, we compare other species to ourselves. Yet, is this really possible? One scientist suggests that humans tend to ignore any intelligence that is somewhat different than our own: We willingly accept the idea of intelligence in a life form only if the intelligence displayed is on the same evolutionary wavelength as our own. Technology automatically indicates intelligence. An absence of technology translates into an absence of intelligence. There is no certain basis for the assumption that all intelligence is human-like intelligence. Indeed, there are undeniable trends, such as large brains in mammals and larger neocortical in primates, but to generalize these correlations cannot always be done. Truly, intelligence seems to be relative, in that it evolves to fulfill the needs of the particular species. How, then, can we truly compare the intelligence of a crocodile with that of a whale or that of a human? Evolutionarily speaking, scientists agree that organisms seem to have become more complex behaviorally. Some argue that this is correlated with increased brain size. Changes to the brain have occurred at specific structures.

Canine Parvovirus

Canine Parvovirus Free Online Research Papers It is extremely important to make sure all puppies get proper immunizations for the Canine Parvovirus or Erythema infectionism. There is no specific treatment or cure for this virus. There is only supportive care. The virus can have deadly side effects and be extremely hard to destroy (Staff, 2008). â€Å"The Parvovirus is able to withstand a wide range of PH levels† (the Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition, 2005, p316). The Canine Parvovirus is very hard to destroy and can have very devastating effects. â€Å"The origin of the Parvovirus is unknown† (The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition, 2005, p317). In the beginning there were two types of the Canine Parvovirus Myocarditis and Gastroenteritis. Myocarditis occurred in puppies still in the neonatal period. This type is almost never seen anymore because of immunizations. Gastroenteritis is the common type of Canine Parvovirus and usually effects dogs six to twenty weeks old. The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition says, â€Å"Males are more likely to develop Gastroenteritis than females because of their tendency to roam† (p.317). In the 1980’s type CPV (Canine Parvovirus)-2a became popular, and then in 1986 CPV-2b replaced CPV-2a. Recently they have discovered new strands of the Parvovirus that are more difficult to test for. â€Å"Today CPV-2b has largely replaced the previous strands† (Doctors Foster and Smith, 1997-2009,  ¶ 2). The most recent strand discovered is CPV-2c, and they think there are more yet to be named. These new strands are more difficult to test for and are more resistant to vaccinations (Doctors Foster and Smith, 1997-2009). â€Å"The only effective disinfectants are bleach and products labeled specifically for killing the Parvovirus† (staff, 2008,  ¶11). It survives indoors for only about a month, but outdoors it can stay active for months depending on the conditions. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff, â€Å"the Parvovirus should be considered contagious in shady areas for seven months and areas with sunlight for five months, but if it is freezing the Parvovir us will not die† (Staff, 2008,  ¶ 3). Recovered dogs can spread the virus by being carriers. The virus can also be spread by feces of infected dogs. This â€Å"shedding occurs four days after infection and peaks when clinical signs appear† (The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition, 2005, p317). The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition says, â€Å"Rottweiler’s, American Pit Bull Terriers, Doberman Pinchers, and German Shepherds are at increased risk, while Toy Poodles and Cocker Spaniels seem to be at decreased risk† (The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition, 2009, p316). Parvovirus can survive everywhere so it is considered â€Å"ubiquitous† (Staff, 2008,  ¶ 4). A dog usually gets the virus inside of the body through the mouth. The virus lives on all surfaces so when a dog licks themselves, or any object, they are exposed. Dogs also get the virus when they eat feces (Staff, 2008). When the Parvovirus enters the body it goes to the Lymph System and stays there multiplying for about three to four days. Then the virus begins to spread to the organs where it can multiply faster. From there it travels to the bone marrow. When the Parvovirus is in the bone marrow it attacks the immune system. This makes the body almost defenseless as the virus moves to the stomach (Staff, 2008). Once the Parvovirus is in the GI tract it begins to destroy the intestinal cells. It attacks the â€Å"Crypts of Lieberkuhn†, (Staff, 2005,  ¶ 10) which is where new cells for the intestines are created. When new cells cannot be created the villus begins to die. This causes major problems because the villus absorbs nutrients from food and water. This also destroys the lining of the stomach causing more problems. Diarrhea and nausea are major side effects of this destruction. Dehydration and the body becoming sepsis are the most common causes of death with the Parvovirus. The body can become septic when the lining of the stomach is destroyed and bacteria can enter the bloodstream (Staff, 2008). No test is completely foolproof so it is recommended that more than one test be used to test for the virus. When the Parvovirus attacks the immune system it destroys the white blood cells, this can be seen in blood tests. The most effective and most widely used test is the ELISA test. â€Å"The ELISA is short for Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay. It is similar to a pregnancy test but uses a stool sample† (Staff, Diagnosis, 2005,  ¶ 2). There are different brands but they all are effective and take about fifteen minutes for the results; however, if a puppy has had a live vaccine in the past five to twelve days it can affect the test results (Staff, 2008). Veterinarians used to run an IgG or IgM titer to test for the virus. This is not common anymore because the IgG titer will be positive if the puppy has had a live vaccine recently. The IgM titer only shows true results if there is increased activity in puppies that have not been recently vaccinated. These tests are difficult to read and are very limited. (Staff, 2008) The most common form of treatment is giving fluids to help prevent dehydration. â€Å"Dogs are given oral electrolytes if dehydration is mild and there is no vomiting, but if dehydration is severe and vomiting exists electrolytes are given intravenously† (The Merck Veterinary Manual, 2005, p 320). It is only recommended to give antibiotics if â€Å"there is blood loss, fever, or loss of intestinal integrity† (p320). When antibiotics are used they are given in combinations to be more effective. The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition says, â€Å"the most common antibiotics are Ampicillin or first or second generation Cephalosporin and Aminoglycosodine or Enrofloxacin (p320). Because there is such little treatment, the risk of exposure is great, and effects of the virus are so severe vaccinations are crucial (The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition, 2005). References Doctors Foster and Smith. (1997-2009). Retrieved February 12, 2009, from Live Aquaria.com: peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=1556aid=467 (2005). The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition. In The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition (pp.319-324). Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck and Co., INC. Staff, M.C. (2008, November 15). Canine Parvovirus. Retrieved January 21, 2009, from http://mayoclinic.com/healthhdl-choleserol/CL00030:mayoclinic.com Research Papers on Canine ParvovirusSexually Transmitted DiseasesMRSA Staph BacteriaImpact of Breast CancerYear Round SchoolingGenetic EngineeringIs the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in the Treatment ofLove DivorceThe Legal ProcessCash or Card?Project Management 101

Major Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Major - Term Paper Example These punctilious checks and measures that are applied in the appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada are underpinned by the roles that the holder of this office discharges. These roles are in turn highly sacrosanct to the dispensation of justice throughout Canada, as shall be seen in the discussion that ensues forthwith. First, it is important to note that the Chief Justice of the SCC sits as the chairperson of the Canadian Judicial Council. The Canadian Judicial Council in turn comprises all of Canada’s chief justices, and their associate chief justices who serve in the superior courts. The Canadian Judicial Council which was established by the Judges Act of Canada coordinates all the issues of discussions that concern the judiciary, organizes and facilitates all the seminars that involve federally appointed judges, sets up and carries out inquiries on public complaints or on requests that have been made by the provincial attorney general, or the fede ral Minister of Justice. Normally, these complaints and requests concern the conduct of a federally appointed judge. By extension, the foregoing means that the Chief Justice of the SCC initiates the roles of the Canadian Judicial Council and delegates those roles to those functioning below his office. This means that the Chief Justice is the officer who oversees all the functions immediately above (organizing the seminars for the federally judges, coordinating all issues of discussions that concern the judiciary and making inquiries on complaints lodged by the public, the provincial attorney general or the federal Minister of Justice). In almost the same wavelength, the Chief Justice presides over and guides all the sittings of the Supreme Court. The only exception to this provision is the Chief Justice’s absence. In the event of this absence, the Deputy Chief Justice will chair the sitting of the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice is the same office that has to choose the pane ls of Justices who preside over all the Supreme Court of Canada cases. According to Dodek (2011), the Chief Justice also directs and manages the staff serving in the Supreme Court. This role is of immense magnitude, given that the Supreme Court of Canada has more than 150 employees who are also members of the federal government civil service. At the same time, the import of this development is that matters touching on the welfare of the employees of Canada’s Supreme Courts such as the extension and harmonization of remunerations, workplace safety and standards, efficiency and legal competence among Supreme Court employees and the observation of work and legal ethics are all matters that fall under the Chief Justice’s jurisdiction and responsibility. The case above has a great bearing on the dispensation of justice in Canada. Particularly, matters touching on the harmonization of remunerations, workplace safety and professional standards directly bear on the motivation of the Supreme Court employees, like other members of the federal government civil service. This means that the Chief Justice directly bears on the services and duties which are: giving its views on how a specific law ought to be interpreted and applied by Canada’s entire court system; giving guidance to the lower courts; providing uniformity in the court systems throughout Canada; directing change in interpreting and applying laws; and recommending or even rejecting explicitly the traditional

Compare & Contrast essay between Malcolm X and Marthin Luther King

Compare & Contrast between Malcolm X and Marthin Luther King - Essay Example Many people contend their admiration to the way they preached about the rights of the blacks in America, and they have both preached on self-knowledge and having respect for African culture and history, since it is the basis for uniting blacks. Their beliefs were similar, and this was evident towards the end of their lives in the way they emphasized on having bride amongst the black as well as respecting us rather than hating one another. Their speeches informed the blacks that in order to attain freedom, they start by respecting one another, hence it reflected on the vision of men improving America. Malcolm X talked about Blacks hating the color of their skin, shape of their nose; overall, he talked about Blacks hating their own kind. Major points about the Blacks are that for the past four hundred years, the Blacks have been taught to hate their identity; the self-hatred resulted in a pervasive sin among many members of the Black community. He stated that one cannot hate the root o f the tree and not hate the tree itself; this made the Blacks feel inferior making them turn to other people to show them the way. Martin on the other hand talked about standing against a system that oppresses the Blacks, he emphasized that being nobody is not easy, therefore, that which was seen as black should shot be seen as ugly. Martin went ahead and talked about having a Negro freedom among all the Negros since enslaving the body involves enslaving the entire soul. Hence the Blacks should encourage themselves and not be ashamed of their past as slaves, but appreciate themselves as being black and beautiful. Both men have the same analysis that we have been taught to have ourselves, lack of belief in ourselves as Blacks, and the blacks should do something to offset this cultural homicide, as called by Martin. Both Malcolm and Martin called for the blacks to embrace the Black pride, develop self-affirmation and all the blacks to undergo education that will reflect the past histo ry of the Black people. In the larger world, they had other priorities except for internal priorities that were connected to the establishment of education, and Martin emphasized African-American unity by stating any movement present that is meant to overlook this necessity is only waiting to be buried. The work and life events of Martin Luther were stressed exclusively making the history taught in schools expressed in different ways (Weis and Fine 239). The manner in which Malcolm X and Martin spread their views was through assertiveness, powerful speeches that were hard hitting. To put it simpler, both the intentions of Martin and Malcolm were delivered in styles that were different. For example, Martin was an inspirational speaker, and he travelled all over the country motivating people to live a life full of racial harmony. Martin appeared to have idealistic mind and was rational and positive in giving his speeches and views on different things. This is evident in his speech tha t he said he had a dream of seeing his children living a life that they are not judged by their race but character. In comparison to Martin, Malcolm X was an extremist, and this is evident the time he was an Islamic Minister, X talked more about separating blacks from whites, emphasizing Black Supremacy and presence of nationalism among the Blacks. To look at this in

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Reflection - Essay Example It is important to use the five Ps of ethical power, which are purpose, pride, patience, persistence, and perspective. If being ethical is part of your objective or purpose you will always do things that are morally right. One should take pride in doing what is right and should not feel inferior if ridiculed for being ethical. Ethical workers or leaders at work place should also be patient, they should have faith that things will work out right because they can handle any situation. Persistence is when we continually do what is right at work place no matter the situation. One should not just act ethically for convenience or because he is forced to do so. Perspective is the capacity to see what is important and right. If we reflect on the five Ps in our workplace then we can bring about ethics in our organizations. Ethical Challenges The major ethical challenges facing employers are abusing power and using deceptive information. The employers have the power to employ the workers in a work place. Employers are most of the times tempted to abuse this power. This is done through employing those within their social network, asking for sexual favors from employees, inadequate pay, or unequal payment. The employers may employ their relatives or friends who are less qualified and leave applicants who are more qualified. The employers may also ask for sexual favors from employees in return for promotions or employment. Employers will always want to maximize profits so they may pay sub standard salaries to achieve their objective. The employers may also give high salaries to those they are related to. Using deceptive information comes about when the employers want to win the favor of their employees. They may promise pay increments which might not be forthcoming in the long run. Therefore, the major challenges facing employers comes from recruitment, payments and promotion. The challenges facing supervisors include abuse of power, using deceptive information and betrayin g loyalties. Supervisors are normally put in charge of other workers. They may be tempted to act unethically by abusing their power. This can be through harassing employees below them (Johnson 9). They can also give false testimony about a certain employee so that he can be sacked. Supervisors can also ask for sexual favors from employees so that they can be assigned less duties or they are promoted. They can also use their power to absent themselves from duty. These are just but a few examples of abuse of power as a major ethical challenge. The second ethical challenge would be betraying loyalties. This comes about in two ways. There are standards that the organization may set for the supervisors to follow. These standards even though may be good the supervisors may not be comfortable with them. In this case the supervisors may act otherwise hence acting unethically. The second instance is where the organization sets unethical rules and regulations that they expect the supervisors to implement. One example is where the employer expects workers to work overtime without extra pay. The supervisor being their leader has to see this done. He may not be comfortable with this idea but now he will have a tough choice to make; either to betray the loyalty to his seniors or to act in an ethical manner. In this case he will require a strong moral will to stick by his moral standards. Employees face the challenge of abuse of loyalty and conflict of interest. Abuse of loyalty is a major

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Infection Rates in Pregnant Women

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Infection Rates in Pregnant Women Plasmodium falciparum and Salmonella typhiCo- infection Among Pregnant Women in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Okonkwo, E. C., Nwele, D. E., Nworie, O., Agumah, N. B., Orji, J. O.and1Nwuzo, A. C.   Abstract Malaria and typhoid fever are both endemic in the tropics and pregnant women constitute one of the high risk groups. This study was carried out to determine the rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. About120 volunteer pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal. Malaria infection was determined by qualitative immunodiagnostic assay and confirmed by microscopic examination of thick and thin giemsa stained slides.Typhoid infection was determined by Widalagglutination method and confirmed by stool culture. Out of 120 pregnant women studied, 49 (40.8%) were positive for malaria parasite and equally had significant titre of salmonella antibiotics. Of the 120 stool samples cultured 29 (24.2%) were positive for salmonella. Thus, the overall rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection was 12.5% by both Widalagglutination and stool culture methods. The co-infection of malaria and ty phoid in pregnancy has a profound effect on adverse pregnancy outcome. Weadvocate for routine screening and treatment of infected pregnant women. Keywords: Co-infection, Malaria and Typhoid, Pregnant Women, Ebony State, Nigeria INTRODUCTION Malaria and typhoid fever (caused by plasmodium falciparum and salmonellaspp respectively) are both diseases of public health importance which are endemic in both tropical and subtropical countries including Nigeria. The association between typhoid and malaria was first described in medical literature in the middle of the 19th century by the United States Army and was erroneously called â€Å"typho-malaria fever† (Smith, 2002). Recent studies in Africa seem to corroborate the relationship between malaria and typhoid fever (Ammahetal., 2009). It is noteworthy that the socio-economic and environmental condition that tend to sustain high prevalence of malaria in endemic areas also favour the transmission of salmonellatyphi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. (Prasannaetal., 2011) The World Health organization has estimated that in 1995, 219 million cases of malaria were documented with about 1.2 million deaths (Brabin 1983). Malaria infection often presents with head ache, fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, hemolytic anaemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria and retinal damage (Brabin, 1983; Gills etal., 1999). Complications of malaria involve respiratory distress, which occurs in up to 25% of adults and 40% of children. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) may develop in 5-25% in adults and up to 29% of pregnant women, although it is rare in young children (Isibor, et. al., 2011). Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to malaria infection. In Sub-Sahara Africa, maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly (Isiboretal., 2011). Typhoid fever is considered a particular risk in pregnancy because of reduced peristaltic activity in the gastro-intestinal and biliary tracts and increased prevalence of biliary â€Å"sludge† (Bashyametal., 2007). Materials and method Area The study was carried out at the antenatal clinic, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Study population The study involved pregnant women who had fever by the time of their visit to the hospital. Sample collection Intravenous blood sample (5ml) was collected from each participant. The samples were stored in refrigerator after collection and were processed within six hours. Stool samples were also collected from participants using sterile universal containers. Determination of malaria infection This was carried out using antigen Rapid Test Device method as well as Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smear for microscopic detection of P. Falciparum. Both procedures were carried out as described by Cheesbrough, (2002). Widal test Widal agglutination test was performed on all malaria positive blood samples using commercial antigen suspension and the procedure was as described by the manufacturer. Also stool culture was done to further confirm S. Typhi. 10ml of selenite- F broth was added to 3g of the stool sample and mixed vigorously, and then incubated at 37oc for 24hours. Thereafter, a loopful of the sample was inoculated onto salmonella-stigella agar medium and incubated at 370c for 24 hours to get discreet colonies (Lactose fermenters were confirmed by pink colonies on SSA). The colonies were Gram stained and further subjected to biochemical analysis. Results Out of the 120 pregnant women at their different stages of pregnancy that participated in this present study, 49 (40.9%) were positive for malaria, while 29(24.2) tested positive for S. typhi. Malaria infection was highest during the first trimester (16.7%) while S. typhi was more prevalent during the third trimester. The overall malaria and typhoid fever co-infection showed a prevalence of 12.5% (see table 1). Table 1: prevalence of P. falciparum and S. typhi among women in different stages of pregnancy Stages of pregnancy N0 examined P. falciparum S. typhi Co-infection 1st trimester 40 20(16.7%) 8(6.7%) 5(4.2%) 2nd trimester 30 11(9.2%) 6(5%) 4(3.3%) 3rd trimester 50 18(15%) 15(12.5%) 6(5%) Total 120 49(40.9%) 29(24.2%) 15(12.5%) Table 2 and 3 below shows the comparative methods employed during this study. Both RDT and Microscopy methods were considered desirable as they gave positive result P. falciparumat all stages. Similarly, both widal test and culture methods gave confirmatory positive results for S. typhi. Table 2 comparative test for malaria using rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. Stage of pregnancy RDT (%) Microscopy (%) Number examined 1st 20(16.7) 20(16.7) 40 2nd 11(9.2) 11(9.2) 30 3rd 18(15) 18(15) 50 Total 49(40.9) 49(40.9) 120 Table 3 comparative Test for S. typhi by the widal and culture methods stages of pregnancy Widal (%) Stool culture (%) Number examined 1st 8(6.7) 8(6.7) 40 2nd 6(5) 6(5) 30 3rd 15(12.5) 15(12.5) 50 Total 29(24.2) 29(24.2) 120 Discussion Malaria and its co-infection with typhoid fever is a major public health problem in pregnant women in Nigeria. The malaria prevalence rate of 40.9% observed in the present study suggests high endemicity and transmission of malaria parasite. The high prevalence suggests increased susceptibility of pregnant women to malaria infection often due to induced immunosuppression (Ndukaetal., 206). The high prevalence could also be attributed to lack of adequate preventive measures being adopted by the pregnant women. Pregnant women in their first trimester were more infected with malaria as recorded in this study and this was in line with the earlier findings of Ukibeetal., (2008). This could attributedto the absence of medical facility or the inability of the pregnant women to register for antenatal on time. The prevalence of malaria-typhoid co-infection among the pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in this study was 12.5%. This is comparable to previous reports (Akinyemietal., 2007; Prasanna, 2011). The observed prevalence suggests that typhoid fever is a common co-infection in malaria infected women in this part of the country. The reduction of cellular and humoral immunity which occurs in pregnancy renders pregnant women susceptible to other infections including typhoid fever (Scholarpurka, etal., 2000). Malaria infected pregnant women are said to be more prone to typhoid fever because of the increased heamolysis in malaria which is said to increase the availability of iron in the tissue especially the liver and salmonella species are believed to thrive more in iron rich tissues (Kaye and Hook, 2003). It is pertinent to note that both typhoid and malaria in pregnant women present with management problems since most drugs used in the treatment of both diseases are contra-indicate d in pregnancy. Also both diseases have been associated with pregnancy outcomes such as premature deliveries, spontaneous abortions, low birth weight and intra-uterine foetal deaths (Nasemetal., 2008). The transmission of P. falciparium and S. Typhi is affected by environmental factors such as poor environmental sanitation, poor housing and inadequate safe water supply. This could be reason for the high prevalence since majority of the pregnant women were rural dwellers. Te use of insecticide treated net, safe water supply and personal hygiene as well as early registration for antenatal clinic of pregnant women are advocated. Reference Akinyemi,K.O, Bamiro, B.S and Coker, H,O (2007). Salmonellosis in Lagos, Nigeria. Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria associated co- infection, patterns of antimicrobial resistance and emergence of induced susceptibility to fluoroquinolines. Journalof Health Popul Nuttri, 25: 351-358. Bashyam, H. (2007).Surviving malaria, dying of typhoid.J.Exp Med.204 (12): 2774. Brabin, B. J. (1983). An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa.Bull WHO, 61:1005-1016. Cheesbrough, M. (2002). District Laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part1. Cambridge press, London.Pp.211-214. Gills, H. M., Lawson, J. B., Silbelos, M., Voller, A.And Allan, N. (1999).Malaria, anaemia, and pregnancy.Ann.Tropparasitolol. 63: 245-263. Isibor, J. O., Igun, E., Okodua, M., Akhite, A. O. and Isibor, E. (2011).Co-infection with malaria parasite and salmonella typhi in patients in Benin City, Nigeria.Ann Biol Res. 2(2): 361-365. Kaye, D. and Hook, E.W. (2003).The influence of heamolysis or blood loss on susceptibility to infection.Journal of immunology. 91: 65-75. Khan, M. A., Mekan, S. F., Abbas, Z.And Smego, R. A. (2005).Concurrent malaria and enteric fever in Pakistan.Singapore. Med J. 46: 625-628. Nasem, S. Anwar, S.and Ihsanullah, M. (2008). Outcome and complications of malaria in pregnancy.Gomal J med Sci; 6(2): 98-101. Nduka, F.O.,Egbu, A., Okafor, C. and Naogo, V.O. (2006).Prevalence of malaria parasite.Inter J trop Med. pub Health. 2(1): 1-11. Prasanna, P. (2011). Co-infection of typhoid and malaria.J Med. Lab Diag. 2 (3) 22 -26. Scholarpurka, S. C., Mahajar, R.C., Gupta, A.N. and Wangoo, A. (2000).Cellular immunity in pregnant and non-pregnant women with malaria infection.Asia Oceania J ObseGyncol. 16: 27-32. Smith, D.C. (2002). The rise and fall of typhomalaria fever.J Hist Med Allied sci. 37:182-220. Ukibe, S.N., Mbanugo, J.J. and Ukibe, N.R. (2008). Prevalence of malaria and increasing spleen rate in children aged 0-13 years in Awka South Local Government area of Anambra state, Nigeria J Environ Health, 5(2): 64-69.

Child Abuse and Neglect :: Violence Against Children

The day began like any other day. It started with the hustle and bustle of the children rushing into the classroom, tearing off their winter gear and throwing it into the coat room. I noticed, however, one of the smaller boys named Tommy wasn't wearing a winter coat or hat. I thought that maybe his parents hadn't realized how cold it was out that morning. So I tried to push the idea out of my head so I could start the day, after all the Pledge of Allegiance had already begun. Later on at recess, I had told the children to get dressed to go outside. I held Tommy inside for a minute so that I could give him one of the coats that had been donated to the classroom. When I had reached to help him put the coat on I realized he became uneasy. I continued to help him, however, and I was shocked at what I had saw. It was cigarette burns on his neck. I suddenly realized I was witness to a serious case of child abuse! â€Å"According to the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, more than three million cases of child maltreatment were reported in 1995. In that same year at least 1,215 children died because of child abuse and neglect.† ( Child Abuse and Neglect ). There are several types of child abuse. The primary types are physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse is the most visible form of child abuse. Physical abuse can be defined as â€Å"non accidental trauma or physical injury resulting from punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, or otherwise harming a child† (American Humane ). If the child is being physically abused then you may notice bruises, swollen areas, or marks on a child’s face. In severe cases you may notice â€Å"human bite marks, cigarette burns, broken bones, puncture marks, or missing hair† ( American Humane). If you can not actually see physical abuse then you may notice something is wrong when a child begins to act up behaviorally. Some behavioral indicators include â€Å"withdrawn or aggressive behavioral extremes, complaints of soreness or uncomfortable movement, wearing clothing that is inappropriate for the weather, discomfort with physical contact, or becoming a chronic runaway†(American Humane). I think these indicators or physical abuse are very important for teachers, so they are aware of children who are being abused.